Vladimir Lenin And His Rise To Power Essay Example For Students

Vladimir Lenin And His Rise To Power Essay In the long run, realms and countries all breakdown. The end can be realized by numerous causes. Regardless of whether through getting excessively enormous to their benefit, being managed by a progression of withdrawn men, falling behind mechanically, having such a large number of adversaries, capitulating to common war, or a mix: no nation is protected. The Russia of 1910 was in atremendously unpleasant circumstance. She had these issues. Russia would not have existed by 1920 were it not for Vladimir IlichLenin, the main man fit for sparing the bombing country. Russia in 1910 was a very in reverse nation. Workers who lived in total neediness made up by far most of Russias populace (Haney 19). Russias adaptation of the primitive framework had finished a minor 49 years sooner, however as a result it implied that laborers presently claimed the small bundles of land whereupon their endurance rested. Their ruler, Czar Nicholas II, controlled reserved of his muddled country. His legislature of named authorities and men in acquired positions didn't speak to the individuals (The Tyranny of Stupidity 120). Despite the fact that all of Europe had encountered the Industrial Revolution, Russia had valuable little apparatus. To get further developed machines, the legislature exchanged grain to different nations trade for hardware, despite the fact that it implied that more individuals would starve (Haney 17). Intensify this with the obliteration and edginess welcomed on presently by the First World War, and there was no certainty left in the legislature . Diverse political groups framed, and none got along (U.S.S.R. 63). Liberal constitutionalists needed to expel the ruler and structure a republic; social revolutionists attempted to advance a laborer upheaval; Marxists advanced an insurgency among the low class, or urban regular workers. The individuals were tired of Russias situation and prepared for change. We will compose a custom exposition on Vladimir Lenin And His Rise To Power explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Change was introduced as Vladimir Lenin, a committed,persuasive visionary with a fantastic arrangement. Lenin got solidified in hisquest at an early age when his more seasoned sibling Aleksandr, a progressive, was executed in 1887 for plotting to slaughter then-Czar Alexander III. ?Sick make them pay for this!? he stated, ?I swear it!? (Haney 28) By 1888, at 18 years old, he had perused Das Kapital by Karl Marx, a book about communism and the shades of malice of private enterprise. A sublime speaker, he could hold crowds at riveted consideration with his amazing discourses (New Generation). Individuals got persuaded of his communist perspectives. He shaped his own ideological group, the Bolsheviks, a split off of the previous Marxists. In contrast to different gatherings of his time, Lenin restricted enrollment to few full-time progressives (Haney 41). This devotion and tight association later demonstrated both valuable and powerful. From 1897 to 1917, he voyaged all over Europe comp osing purposeful publicity, sorting out strikes, and empowering transformation among the common laborers, particularly in Russia (Lenin, V.I. 191). Lenin realized what he needed, realized how to get it, and was happy to pause. During World War I, all was good and well and Lenin was the man. Dictator Nicholas II remained completely centered around winning the war, and didn't spare a moment before submitting more men and supplies to the war effort(Haney 65). Be that as it may, for a previously starving nation, each train thatbrought supplies to the front couldn't likewise be bringing food topeasants. With open slant and even the Czars own military againsthim, Nicholas surrendered the seat in March of 1917 (69). A governmentby soviets (chambers) was instated, however didn't keep going long. After that,Alexander Kerensky held onto power. In November, Lenin and his Bolsheviks, with assistance from equipped residents, halted the rotating entryway. They took over St. Petersburg (at that point Petrograd) and later caught Moscow, meeting little resiezce en route (Jantzen 613). Lenin assumed control over the administration and marked a bargain with Germany to remove Russia from the war. Quickly from that point, comm on war broke out between the Communists, called Reds, and the counter Communists, called Whites, who had help from Western countries (Johnson 43). This assistance from outside Russia really helped Lenin, as it drove open supposition against the Whites. Russian soldiers, dispersed and crippled, had quite recently experienced World War I. By one way or another, however, Lenin and his old buddy Leon Trotsky sorted out these soldiers into the Red Army and won the war (Liversidge 59). It was currently Lenins nation. .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .postImageUrl , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:hover , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:visited , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:active { border:0!important; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:active , .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff 572848c1 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubb14f5464d1bf8cf24ed39ff572848c1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Media savagery EssayOnce he was completely in power, Lenin set up a genuine Communist government. Russia became sixteen republics partitioned right from locale down to soviets (boards of trustees) speaking to the laborers, fighters, and workers around there. The nation would be controlled from the base up as opposed to the conventional top down (Johnson 30). Lenin needed a general public where the common laborers was the decision class; a general public where there is one social class, everybody has similar rights, and, in the long run, there is no private property. For a brief timeframe, laborers were permitted to just hold onto their pre vious landowners land and laborers to control plants (U.S.S.R. 54). Afterward, be that as it may, all industry was nationalized. To kick off the economy, Lenin established his New Economic Policy, which started to revive the economy by allowing little businesses to work under their own control and allowing ranchers to keep or sell a greater amount of their items while the legislature held control of overwhelming ventures, for example, metal working (55). Lenin had before picked up help with the straightforward guarantee ?Bread, harmony, land,? (Lenin, V.I. 194) and he had started to make great. Lenins objectives were turning out to be reality. Lamentably, Lenin passed on in 1924, rendering him incapable to see through any of his arrangements. He had endured his first stroke in 1922, and it was that year that a youthful Bolshevik named Josef Stalin a man whom Lenin had cautioned his partners about as being hazardous (Johnson 97) started making his snatch at power. Sadly for Russians, Stalin beat Trotsky and became Secretary of the Communist Party upon Lenins demise, a position which was comparable to tyrant (100). Stalin, who was most likely intellectually flimsy (96) , destroyed the goals of Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky in his own hunger for power. Marx had held the view that ?The way to Communism is training,? (New Generation) and the regular workers must be an educated people. As despot, Stalin depended on oversight of all media to combine his capacity (Johnson 114). Had Lenin lived longer, he could have overseen Communism to its optimal state. In any case, much under Stalin, Lenin was for all intents and purposes worshipped for having spared the country. Were Lenin alive today, he could ezd up and honestly state, ?Without me, a country would not exist.? He independently formed the course of history. Russia was fumbling, and Lenin was the completely dedicated visionary that it took to bring it once again from the edge. He established the framework for what in the long run turned into a world superpower, and had he lived longer, Russia could have been significantly more grounded. It is no big surprise Lenin turned into a Russian national legend. Bibliography:Haney, John. Lenin. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Johnson, Gerald W. Socialism: An Americans View. New York: William and Morrow, 1964. ?Lenin, Vladimir Ilich.? Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 1996 ed. ?Lenin, V.I.? The World Book Encyclopedia, 1989 ed. Liversidge, Douglas. Lenin: Genius of Revolution. New York: Franklin Watts, 1969. ?The New Generation Political View.? http://home.everyday.no/dvc01020/PoliticalView.htm?The Tyranny of Stupidity.? Skow, John. Time

Compare and contrast St Johns proposal to Jane with that of Rochesters and the effect they have on Jane Essays

Thoroughly analyze St Johns proposition to Jane with that of Rochesters and the impact they have on Jane Essays Thoroughly analyze St Johns proposition to Jane with that of Rochesters and the impact they have on Jane Paper Thoroughly analyze St Johns proposition to Jane with that of Rochesters and the impact they have on Jane Paper In the novel Jane Eyre the primary character Jane engages in some unusual conditions. Two not all that various men propose to her despite the fact that the recommendations are totally different and tip top. St Johns proposition can be described as unromantic and abusing since he for all intents and purposes powers Jane to wed him. From the other hand Rochesters proposition is very sentimental and clever. With a shrewd way and games Rochester figures out how to propose to Jane and to find the solution he needed to hear. In St Johns proposition Jane responds adversely. She can't and continues declining since St John doesnt take no for an answer and he continues hauling the proposition. In Rochesters proposition Jane is energetic. She needs to cry and feels tormented by Rochesters mind games. She additionally torments Rochester yet toward the end she falls in his arms. From the earliest starting point St Johns proposition appeared mistreating. St John as he begins his proposition he is being arrogant. He asks Jane what does her heart advises her and when Jane says her heart is quiet. St John reacts to that by revealing to her will represent her heart. That answer is pretentious and narrow minded. How might he hope to win a womans heart with that conduct? . All through his proposition St John is enthusiastic and chats with extraordinary enthusiasm for God, paradise and so on. This conduct suffocates Jane carrying her to the point of requesting benevolence. St John reveals to her that God needs her and he is trying her confidence to God. St John converses with Jane like she doesnt have her very own psyche. He puts together his entire proposition with respect to the way that Jane is the ideal individual for a missionarys spouse. St John is self-intrigued and pressures Jane. He says he asserts her. For each negative answer by Jane, St John appears to have arranged what to state straightaway. He is calculative. He sensibly balances contentions. St John is shrewd and tenacious. He doesnt surrender with Jane. St John underpins his answers and focuses by utilizing the Bible and for the most part God. He utilizes God likewise to test Janes confidence and submission to Him. He is savage and pushes Jane knowing Janes confidence in God. St John has been watching and examining Jane to check whether she is directly for the activity. St John arranged everything from the earliest starting point. As St John props up on with his proposition, he is pushing Jane against a divider and she cannot get away. Jane feels frail and feeble. She believes she cannot battle him. St John is exceptionally unromantic. He doesnt have a spouses heart and Jane recognizes that making her bit not having any desire to tail him to India. Jane continues thinking the entire issue in her mind and goes to the choice of going with St John as his sister. Be that as it may, St John can't and says their association must be disguised by marriage or it cannot exist. St John utilizes enthusiastic extortion that torments Jane intellectually. He needs to wed Jane so he can impact her life till her demise. The entire thing involves control. The more he talks the more Jane feels his effect on her. She has a feeling that she cannot effectively get away. St John is egotistical. He unequivocally trusts Jane should turn into a piece of him. This is the thing that he needs and this is the means by which he needs it. Jane responds to all these in an enthusiastic and frank manner. She isn't set up to be controlled or persecuted by anybody. This episode raises to the surface the character of Jane. She despises St Johns thought of affection and she hates St John himself. She is immediate and eccentric and obstinate. St John needs to wed Jane not on affection yet on the possibility that he needs to in light of compliance to God. Unquestionably a lady wouldnt need to get hitched under those thoughts and intentions. St John utilizes no rationale and he doesnt bode well. Mr. Rochesters proposition was without a doubt not quite the same as St Johns and Janes responses are unique. Rochester is sentimental, he proposes to Jane in a sentimental situation. He prods and plays with her revealing to her she should leave soon so he can get hitched. That was a significant blow for Jane yet she didnt let that get to her. She resisted the urge to panic. Rochester proceeded with his prodding and discloses to Jane she could go work in Ireland taking consideration the five little girls of Mrs. Dionysious OGall of Bittermatt Lodge. It is very silly for the peruser however painful to Jane. Jane is seriously injured by the prodding. Jane needs to cry however she doesnt. She stays solid. Rochester makes his proposition testing and inciting for Jane. He intentionally incites Jane to urge her to trust in him what she truly feels. Rochester is wise. He before long changes his demeanor and says to Jane in the event that she leaves damnation seep from within and pass on. Jane is enthusiastic and intense in this proposition. She is straightforward to Rochester and discloses to him why she is so sorry to leave Thornfield. She was never sabotaged in Thornfield and she felt equivalent there. Likewise she is terrified to leave Rochester. Jane in a manner detonates here after Rochester prods her. Janes energetic character is uncovered. She calls attention to Rochester that she isn't a robot a machine. She has sentiments excessively regardless of whether she is poor. Mr. Rochester after he banters with Jane to reveal to her the amount she intends to him he at long last brings up marriage. Jane then ridicules and torments Mr. Rochester also by revealing to him she doesnt trust him by any stretch of the imagination. Rochesters proposition has enthusiasm and loads of sentiment. This is the means by which a proposition ought to be yet additionally it is a unique one like St Johns. The two recommendations have interesting and first class qualities. St John puts together his entire proposition not with respect to adore yet God and Rochester prods agonizingly Jane. Janes responses are comparative in the two proposition. She is energetic, candid and direct in the two recommendations.

Psychology Of The Internet Essays (1967 words) - Social Psychology

Brain science Of The Internet Rundown of the Book Today, the web is a developing network. A large number of individuals from everywhere throughout the world go on the web ordinarily to browse email, research, shop, or even simply connect with somebody most of the way around the globe. As this network develops, so does the quantity of connections between individuals. The Brain research of the Internet looks at the brain science of new conduct delivered by this novel strategy for human correspondence. It additionally digs into the business part of the web and how certain organizations are utilizing this medium to increment efficiency inside their organizations and enterprises. Investigation of the Book The book gives a few instances of how the web can influence the nature of an association's creation. At the point when utilized in the proper way, the web can encourage connection between a gathering 24 hours every day and is just constrained by the accessibility of a phone line. The possibility that an individual must be in work and at his work area for creation is getting increasingly outdated as organizations understand the capability of the web. One noteworthy way the web can help organizations is the workgroups that can be framed universally. A workgroup is a gathering of representatives endeavoring to accomplish a similar target. In the customary sense, these gatherings are shaped in a live with scratch pads for each individual to assist them with conceptualizing and gatherings at standard interims until the venture is finished. The web upset is changing the entirety of that. The workgroups are no longer represented by the topographical situating of its individuals. I discovered this especially fascinating in light of the fact that having a boss in Manila, a Research and Development group in Cebu, and a business gathering in the United States is getting to a greater degree a doable chance than at any other time previously. The web can likewise assist workers with beating hindrances that they may not have the option to face to face. This is expected, to a limited extent, to the measure of meaningful gestures that are lost over a PC. In a visit room, for instance, the two representatives might think nothing about one another, other than the data they give about themselves. Accordingly, any kind of social generalizations (for example sexism, prejudice, extremism) is less predominant than if seen in reality. On the off chance that the workers have never met, social disturbances may not be as promptly activated than if face to face. For instance, in the event that I am disturbed by an individual who stammers when he talks, the odds that he will do as such over the web are moderately low. This permits me to focus exclusively on the job needing to be done and not be diverted by immaterial things. The book talks about how the web gatherings, in the nonappearance of expressive gestures and requests, needed to discover a gathering personality on the web. In other words, the absence of expressive gestures likewise has its disadvantages. Regardless of whether the individuals from the workgroups surrender individual data about themselves, for example, their race or on the other hand ethnicity, different individuals may have no physical reason for the association. So on the off chance that I needed to bond with a collaborator who was a Filipino in California, I would almost certain do it face to face than on the web. This is because of the absence of human contact and the recognition that I am only associating with my PC and not a genuine individual. Considering this, workgroups must discover new bases for framing bunch lucidness. The book discusses the concentrating of a few extraordinary worldwide workgroups. All were given similar targets to be finished in a given measure of time. Notwithstanding, just a couple of the gatherings finished the errand while just one gathering did it in the apportioned measure of time. The examination appeared that the gatherings that bombed needed steady association. After the underlying meeting, the individuals from the gathering didn't sign on consistently to banter with the gathering. Messages were traded discontinuously among these gatherings also. The book states that the primary explanation these gatherings fizzled was that the collaboration, effectively decreased by the absence of human connection on the PC, was constrained to basically nothing. Then again, the gathering that fared the best was noted as having the most email connection and ordinary gathering gatherings. The individuals from the bunch likewise willingly volunteered to go past what was asked of them basically since they felt an extraordinary duty to the gathering in general. What caused this craving and attachment inside the gathering? As indicated by the book, the gathering kept their own lives out of the web based visiting. Along these lines, the individuals

Honda saddle bags Essay - 275 Words

Honda saddle bags (Essay Sample) Content: Honda saddle bagsAround the world, Honda motorcycles have countless fans and this can greatly be attributed to their beautiful looks that have made them famous. Honda motorcycles have a variety of models and one among these is the Honda VTX which is silver in colored, glamorous and a stylish way of cruising around. If one had the choice of carrying luggage using their VTX Honda motorcycle, then there are different kinds of motorcycle saddle bags that one can choose from. These bags are not only spacious and protective but also come with beautiful colors.Honda saddle bags are usually in two functional types and these are the hard Honda saddle bags and the leather Honda bags both of these offer maximum security for ones luggage. Both of these bags come with water proof and rain pads that enable riders to travel in rainy conditions while still carrying their luggage with especially the hard saddle bags coming with airtight features that enable riders to carry all type of eatables along the way.Honda saddle bags are used in pairs giving a rider maximum carrying capacity and thus having an extra advantage over all other saddle bags found in the market. The hard saddlebags have inner compartments that help one carry different types of belongings while the leather bags have external pockets that can be used to carry small belongings enabling a rider to have organized and neat luggage management.In using Honda saddle bags, a rider is assured of having a continuous ride as these bags are not detachable from the motorcycle during a ride as they are attached through a fixed mounting method. During mounting of the saddle bags, both the hard and the leather made bags are usually attached to the motorcycle through bolt that offers strong attachments of the bags. The bags have a throw over mounting method that enable riders to have easy attachment and detachment of saddlebags thus for a rider with busy schedules Honda saddle bags are capable of easier install ation and are the best suitable choiceThese bags are provided in beautiful looks that further enhance the appearance of one's motorcycle. The leather bags have stylish looking buckles and studs on their exterior no doubt Honda motorcycles already have beaut...

Questions On The World Trade Center Terror Attacks

Conspiracy Theory Inquiry Proposal Name: Kyle Dahya Form: 12DB Conspiracy Event: 9/11 US World Trade Centre Terror Attacks Possible focusing questions which will guide my inquiry are: 1. What is the official story that surrounds the events on the day of the 9/11 attacks? 2. What are some of the main conspiracy theories that revolve around 9/11? 3. Which of the accounts seem to the most plausible and why is that account more plausible than the other? 4. What significance does the events surrounding 9/11, and the connected conspiracy theories have on the wider world, including New Zealanders and why do they have significance? POSSIBLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION TYPE OF INFORMATION EXPECTED Website: Official History Channel Website: 9/11 Attacks. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2015, from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks From this source, I would expect a detailed overview of the events that took place on 9/11, from the first plane crashing into the north tower to the pentagon crash, with every detail being presented in 20-30 minute increments. The contents of this website would most likely be relevant to question 1, quite possibly questions 3 and 4 as it explains in detail the events that took place that day and the aftermath of the event with little to no bias. This is a source that I would find as useful and reliable. Online News Article: Journalists opinion of 9/11 conspiracy: Six really stupid 9/11 conspiracies debunkedShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1388 Words   |  6 Pages(Beauchamp 1). This terror group is named the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria., or in short, ISIS. Three years ago, ISIS did not exist but now it controls parts of Iraq and Syria and has made its own state. 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The Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison - 917 Words

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man is a story about a young African American man who struggles to break free from the black stereotype that white society has forced upon him. As Ellison’s views on the detrimental effects of stereotyping minorities become apparent throughout his novel, some readers would argue that his depictions of female characters seem to be slightly hypocritical—but in actuality, the narrator’s encounters with the female characters ultimately help him accept his invisibility, develop his character, and highlight the themes of invisibility and power. In the beginning of the novel, the narrator is invited to give his graduation speech at a â€Å"gathering of the towns leading white citizens† (Ellison 17); upon arriving at the event, he discovers that he is being forced to participate in the Battle Royal, a fight between African American classmates for the entertainment of the drunk white males of the community. 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Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race relations and womenRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he always wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went toRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s to 1930’s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African American population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, †Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison909 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes for himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for aRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an â€Å"Invisible Man† for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words   |  5 Pageslike modern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellison’s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, h e starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. Read MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words   |  13 Pagesportrayed through the narrator’s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal member of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to â€Å"keep the black man down†. The story follows theRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1481 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century. This includes black nationalism, the relationship between black identity a nd Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. The grandson of slaves, Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His

Essay on Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Example For Students

Essay on Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) introduction to the clinical practice revolutionized the interventional cardiology ,it is a valuable option for a non –operable patient with sever aortic stenosis or high risk population however ,TAVR is associated with a risk of cerebral embolization and ischemic vascular events and possible neurological impairment the estimate of these complication is vary but it have been reported early and late after the procedure moreover the reported incidence of bleeding associated with TAVI is relatively high .with this given incident of complication required adequate antithrombotic therapy during and following procedure ,however despite the current guidelines recommendation the optimal antithrombotic is not very well established . Introduction: Sever Aortic Stenosis (AS) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in elderly duo to a bimodal age distribution ,degenerative calcification of Tricuspid valve is the major cause of AS in the population ,unlike the younger patient etiology which is : bicuspid valve calcification or rheumatic heart disease .1 The Burden of the disease is high with a prevalence of 3.4% 2. With the progressive nature of the disease and the increased severity of the symptoms made the surgery the gold standard for symptomatic AS patients ,however up to 30% of cases are considered too high risk for classical valve replacement surgery and remain untreated and experiencing poor prognosis . Fortunately , with the introduction of TAVR its offer a valuable option for the inoperable or at high risk of surgery patients3..the annual eligible candidate for this procedure expected to be 27,000 in 19 European countries and North America according to recent meta-analysis and modeling study2, TAVI is associated with a high risk of stroke ,transient ischemic stroke ,Atrial Fibrillation and myocardial infarction and the long term outcome associated with bleeding complication mainly duo to the use of Dual antiplatlets therapy (DAPT) which raise the need to find the optimal regimen of antithrombotic to avoid the early cerebrovascular complication ,provide optimum stroke prevention and avoid the bleeding as a long term outcome . This article will review the current recommendation of antithrombotic during and following TAVI and the recent evidence and advancement in this unique procedure. TAVI Versus SAVR : Although there are cumulative data suggesting superior survival and symptomatic outcomes for inoperable patients who undergo TAVI versus medical palliation4,5 The available data on TAVI versus AVR showed that major adverse outcomes such as mortality and stroke appeared to be similar between the two treatment modalities. Evidence on the outcomes of TAVI compared with AVR in the current literature is limited by inconsistent patient selection criteria, heterogeneous definitions of clinical endpoints and relatively short follow-up periods. two meta-analysis have been conducted that include TAVR and SAVR studies in their evaluation .one meta-analysis compared TAVR to AVR combining the results from two randomized controlled trials and 11 observational reports comparing TAVI with AVR in patients with severe aortic stenosis6. Interestingly, selected studies identified no significant differences in mortality and stroke between the two treatment groups. However, vascular complications, permanent pacemaker insertion and significant aortic regurgitation were relatively common after TAVI, and significantly more frequent than after conventional AVR. Conversely, major bleeding was more likely to occur after surgical AVR than TAVI. The second meta-analysis of seventeen studies in (n=4,659) comparing TAVR (n=2,267) and SAVR ( n2,392) was conducted to determine the differences in postprocedural mortality and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events between the two attack, and major bleeding interventions .7 End points were baseline logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke,transient ischemic events. There was no significant difference in cardiovascular mortality (p[0.54) as well as the incidence of myocardial infarction (p[0.59), stroke (p[0.36), and transient ischemic attack (p [ 0.85) at averages of 86, 72, 66, and 89 weeks, respectively Similar to the previous meta-analysis ,TAVI WAS noninferior to SAVR for postprocedural myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular events but it was superior to SAVR for major bleeding complications. therfore TAVR should be considered in selected high risk elde rly patients and the use of TAVR for eligible surgical candidate should be considered within the boundaries of clinical trials duo to the importan;t cerebrovascular and cardiovascular debilitating adverse events which is a significant predictor of mortality the suggested predisposing factors for the occurrence of stroke are a newly onset of atrial fibrillation and a higher-grade mitral valve insufficiency8,9.Moreover, the antithrombotic regimen appear to play a major role in prevention of those fatal complications.10 however , it is unclear what is the optimal antithrombotic regimen to provide protection for early and late thrombotic events in patients who undergoing to TAVR11 in the absence of randomized control trials and lack of evidence base recommendation from the international societies who based their recommendation on observational studies 12 Antithrombotic Prior TAVR: Up to our knowledge there is no specific recommendation for antithrombotic prior TAVR ,however ,few recent study suggested bridging with unfractionated heparin For those who required anticoagulation therapy before TAVR (e.g. mechanic mitral valve),,13,14,15Recent study evaluated the early and long term bleeding complications after TAVR suggest to avoid pre-treatment with clopidogrel in patient with advanced age, BMI, and a history of anemia who have increased the risk for early bleeding and suggested Vitamin K natagonists with clopidogrel seems to be thesafest therapy in the early post-TAVI period13. Antithrombotic During TAVR : Anticoagulants : Essay about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome10- Jochen Reino ¨hl , Constantin von zur Mu ¨hlen ,Martin Moser , Stefan Sorg , Christoph Bode , Manfred Zehender. TAVI 2012: state of the art. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013 35:419–435 11- Davis EM1, Friedman SK, Baker TM. A review of antithrombotic therapy for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Postgrad Med. 2013 Jan;125(1):59-72. 12- 13- Katarzyna CzerwiÅ„ska-Jelonkiewicz, Adam Witkowski, Maciej DÄ…browski, Marek Banaszewski, Ewa KsięŠ¼ycka-MajczyÅ„ska, Zbigniew Chmielak, Krzysztof KuÅ›mierski, Tomasz Hryniewiecki,Marcin Demkow, Ewa OrÅ‚owska-Baranowska, Janina StÄ™piÅ„ska. Antithrombotic therapy – predictor of early and longterm bleeding complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9, 6: 1062–1070 14-Nijenhuis VJ1, Stella PR, Baan J, Brueren BR, de Jaegere PP, den Heijer P, Hofma SH, Kievit P, Slagboom T, van den Heuvel AF, van der Kley F, van Garsse L, van Houwelingen KG, Vant Hof AW, Ten Berg JMAntithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing TAVI: an overview of Dutch hospitals. Neth Heart J. 2014 ;22(2):64-9. 15- Katarzyna Czerwinska-Jelonkiewicz1, Adam Witkowski2, Maciej Dabrowski2, Marek Banaszewski,Ewa Ksiezycka-Majczynska, Zbigniew Chmielak, Krzysztof Kusmierski, Tomasz Hryniewiecki,Marcin Demkow, Ewa OrÅ‚owska-Baranowska, Janina Stepinska. Antithrombotic therapy – predictor of early and longterm bleeding complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation Arch Med Sci 2013; 9, 6: 1062–1070 16- Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, Agnihotri A, Alexander KP, Bailey SR et al (2012) ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(13):1200–1254 17- Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1597–607. 18- Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl JMed 2011;364: 2187–98. 19- Hillegass WB, Brott BC, Chapman GD, Phillips HR, Stack RS,Tcheng JE et al (2002) Relationship between activated clotting time during percutaneous intervention and subsequent bleeding complications. Am Heart J 144(3):501–507 20- Ziad Sergie ,Thierry Lefe`vre ,Eric Van Belle ,Socrates Kakoulides ,Usman Baber , Efthymios N. Deliargyris ,Roxana Mehran ,Eberhard Grube ,Jochen Reino ¨hl ,George D. Dangas. Current periprocedural anticoagulation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: could bivalirudin be an option? Rationale and design of the BRAVO 2/3 studies .J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013 35:483–493 21- Josep Rodà ©s-Cabau, Harold L. Dauerman, Mauricio G. Cohen, Roxana Mehran, Eric M Small,k Susan S. Smyth, Marco A. Costa, Jessica L. Mega, Michelle L. O’Donoghue, E. Magnus Ohman, , BS,yy Richard C. BeckerAntithrombotic Treatment inTranscatheter Aortic Valve Implantation . Insights for Cerebrovascular and Bleeding Events ,(J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:2349–59 22 -Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, Gould M, Samama MM, Weitz JIet al (2008) Parenteral anticoagulants: American college of chest . physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition).Chest 133(6 Suppl):141S–159S 23- Welsby IJ, Newman MF, Phillips-Bute B, Messier RH, KakkisED, Stafford-Smith M (2005) Hemodynamic changes after protamine administration: association with mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthesiology 102(2):308–314 24- Bertrand OF, Jolly SS, Rao SV, Patel T, Belle L, Bernat I et al(2012) Meta-analysis comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy on ischemic and bleeding outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 110(4):599–606 25-Webb J, Rodà ©s-Cabau J, Fremes S, Pibarot P, Ruel M, Ibrahim R, Welsh R, Feindel C, Lichtenstein S. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:520-8. 26-Noble S, Asgar A, Cartier R, Virmani R, Bonan R. Anatomopathological analysis after CoreValve ReValving system implantation.EuroIntervention 2009;5:78–85. 27-Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mulà ¨ M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy versus aspirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.Am J Cardiol 2011;108:1772–6. 28- Aspirin Versus Aspirin à ¾ Clopidogrel Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: the ARTE trial. 2012. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01559298?term ¼nct01559298rank ¼1.Accessed May 30, 2012. 29-Jean-Philippe Collet, Gilles Montalescot, Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy in TAVI patients:a fallow field? EuroIntervention 2013;9:S43-S47

The Retreat free essay sample

In the poem, The Retreat, the author expresses a longing for the angelic innocence he once had as a child before being corrupted by the harsh realities of the world. The variation of past and present has a significant impact on the evaluation he is making based upon his life. Wishing to return to a life of glory, but not having the courageous soul to embark on the journey because of the corrupt habits Vaughn has developed causes him a predicament. In the imagery and tone used in the poem, Vaughn expresses the mental settings that a place of purity and chaos can put one in. The imagery used in this poem to describe the past and present is very black in white. He uses childhood and the afterlife waiting for him as white, positive, celestial ideals while his experiences throughout life and his adulthood and used as black, negative connotations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Retreat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To describe his early years he uses the term â€Å"angel infancy† (line 2). The thought he perceived then were â€Å"white, celestial thought† (line 6); but as he grew older, he began teach â€Å"sin to every sense† (line 18). With his words he â€Å"taught the tongue to wound† (line 15) and his conscience was changed into a â€Å"sinful sound† (line 16). He wishes to return to his previous state of innocence before he left his â€Å"glorious train, / From whence th’ enlightened spirit sees/ That shady city of palm trees† (lines 24-26). However, he has noticed the flaws in his ways, â€Å"my soul with too much too much stay/ Is drunk, and stagger in the way† (line 27-28) When his â€Å"dust falls to the urn† (line 31), he is confident that he will be returned to his original state, to an everlasting entity. Along with imagery and tone, the structure of the poem also plays a vital role in showing the contrast between his current state of longing and his past state, which was full of experiencing glory. The Retreat is also set up as a two-stanza poem that allows the reader to clearly see the two distinct phases of the speaker’s life—both past and present. The first stanza of the poem speaks of the happier days in life, when he was bound in splendor in glory. On the other hand, â€Å"O, how I long to travel back† (line 21) is the desire expressed in the second stanza. Through the second stanza, the speaker relays that his life has changed and how he wishes he could return to his former state of pleasure (line 21). Between the two stanzas, the first is longer than the other is. One could say that because death is such an unknown concept, he knows less to write about and inform any reader. The first stanza was longer because certain persons can develop thoughts about how to perceive existence before conception and becoming mortal. After death, there is no one to tell us what could come or how someone may feel since the individual who has passed has no way to inform others. Written by Henry Vaughan, The Retreat tells of the longings experienced by a lost man who recollects former days of joy, yet cannot journey back to obtain such feelings. The poem clearly contains forms of imagery, tone, and a set structure to pinpoint specifically the former and present state of the speaker. Through these techniques, the reader can easily enter into the mindset of the speaker whose feelings of emptiness and distraught cause his yearning to enter back into heaven to be even stronger.

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example

Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Example Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Riverirne Forests of Sindh Essay Assignment Topic: RIVERINE FOTRESTS OF SINDH Submitted By: Class: Semester: Roll Number: ASHFAQ AHMED RAJPUT MSc. (Previous) Second (2nd) Semester 2K11/ENS/O7 SUBMITTED TO TEACHER: SIR SAEED AKHTAR ABRO 1 Contents FORESTS OF SINDH: Type of Forests in Sindh Riverine Forests History of Riverine Forests Features of Riverine Ecosystem Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Management Plans REFERENCE: 3 5 5 6 8 8 9 16 20 2 FORESTS OF SINDH: Forest is a valuable resource which contributes significantly to economy and provides environmental stability, regional climate stability, regulates rainfall patterns and reduces sedimentation load in our rivers. The environmental pollution and climate change have become burning issue throughout the world and natural and human made disasters such as land erosion, flooding, agriculture, urbanization, unemployment (theft due to poverty), drought and global warming, have contributed to deforestation. The forests of Sindh since independence (1947) have undergone a considerable change in its resources. The forests of Sindh before World War-II were totally stocked. But due to extreme wartime stress and greater utilization of forest; were cause of reduction of natural resources. Sindh province occupies 14. 09 million ha of the lower Indus plain. Agriculture, forestry and pasture are three main land uses in the province. The Indus River traverse through Sindh like a mid-rib covering 865kms, from Guddu Barrage to Arabian Sea and is the only source of water for irrigation, forestry and human consumption. Riverine tract and delta formed by River Indus occupies a special significance in economy and ecology of Sindh province. Agricultural expansion and subsequent industrial development has brought significant economic growth in the country over a period of time. But at the same time construction of irrigation development structures at the upper streams of river Indus and its tributaries for storage and diversion of water for agricultural use and power generation has reduced intensity and frequency of floods in lower Indus basin. The total land area of the province is 14. 09 million ha (34. 82 million acres) which forms 17. 7 per cent of the entire country. It constitutes the lower part of the Indus Valley (Basin), widely considered in the world as the cradle of civilization. The province has 3 distinct physical regions- the alluvial plain located in the center, the rocky region in west, and the sandy desert in the east. Each region is described separately as under: 1. Central Alluvial Region The central region is a fertile alluvial plain through which flows the Indus River. The total area of this region is 8. 5 million ha that includes 0. 86 million ha riverine tract (Panhwar, 2004). Three barrages have been constructed on the Indus River to divert river water for canal irrigation system emerging from these barrages. The main land use of this region is agriculture which is irrigated through one of the world’s most extensive and integrated irrigation network. The topography is flat with a gradient of 12 cm per kilometer from north 3 towards sea in the south. Out of total area of riverine tract, about 0. 24 million ha is under riverine forests, 0. 41 million ha is privately owned (Kabuli) land, 0. 16 million ha river bed, depressions (dhoras) and mud flats/sand bars and the remaining about 0. 4 million ha are either under villages, graveyards or unculturable wasteland (Panhwar, 2004). With the construction of barrages on river, the kacho area is divided in following three zones: Area between Guddu and Sukkur barrages Area between Sukkur and Kotri barrages Area between Kotri barrage to mouth of Indus river The ecological features, biodiversity and socio-ec onomic conditions of the above areas are dependent on water regime and make up three different subecosystems with varying characteristics and distinct environments. . Eastern Sandy Region All along the eastern side of the province flanking the central alluvial region, lies the sandy desert popularly known as â€Å"Thar Desert locally called Registan† This sandy region forms the western part of Great Indian Desert. The total area of this region is 3. 39 million ha (8. 38 million acres), which is further divided into Thar and Nara regions. The topography of the region is undulating with varying sizes of sand dunes. Rainfall is scanty and erratic and underground water is generally brackish. Small areas along ridges and narrow valleys are cultivated by rainwater during monsoon period. The economy of Thar Desert is pastoral and the main land use is grazing. The dry weather, brackish ground water coupled with harsh and severs climatic conditions is unfavorable for growing crops, vegetation propagation or livestock rearing. 3. Western Hilly Region The western hilly region locally called as â€Å"Kohistan† is a part of the long Khirthar mountain range formation. This region occupies 2. 30 million ha (5. 4 million acres) constituting 15. 6 percent of total land area of the province. Ecologically it is categorized as a tropical sub-mountainous zone. Like sandy desert region, dry conditions prevail in this area resulting in similar living conditions. After agriculture, forestry is the other major land-use in centrally located plains. The Sindh Forest Department, manages 8% of the province of which only 2. 3% contain productive forests. Table gives the details of forest t ypes and respective areas. 4 Type of Forests in Sindh Type Productive Forests Riverine Forests * Irrigated Plantations Sub-total Protective Forests Mangrove Forests Rangelands Sub-total Total Area (in million acres) 0. 6 0. 2 0. 8 0. 85 1. 13 1. 98 2. 78 % of Total Land Area 1. 7% 0. 57% 2. 3% 2. 45% 3. 25% 5. 7% 8% Riverine Forests To protect the hinterlands from flooding, earthen embankments were erected on both sides of the River Indus 5 to 20 km apart during 1860 to 1960.. They are one of the important components of riverine belt and owe their existence to the uncontrolled flooding/inundation of Indus River. Riverine forests spread over 0. 6 m acres (0. 24 m ha) are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh and entirely depend on the inundation waters received during monsoon season. All forestry operations are dependent on inundation supplies. The predominant species of Riverine forests are Acacia nilotica (Babul, Prosopis cineraria (Kandi), Tamarix aphylla (Lawa), Tamarix dioca (Lai) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) confined to well drain high silt containing stabilized kacho areas. Mesquite growth has invaded high lying areas which is quite useful for fuelwood and charcoal making. Irrigated Plantations After construction of bunds (earthen embankments) along both sides of Indus River, 81,200 ha of Riverine forest were rendered as inland forests and with the construction of three barrages on Indus River for diverting river water for agriculture, canal water was allocated for many inland forests for converting these in to Irrigated Plantations. Inland forests falling in the command of each barrage are as under: 1. Guddu Barrage command area = 0. 02 million ha (0. 05 million acres) 2. Sukkur Barrage command area = 0. 04 million ha (0. 09 million acres) 3. Kotri Barrage command area = 0. 03 million ha (0. 7 million acres) Total 0. 08 million ha (0. 20 million acres) 5 The concept of irrigated forestry was introduced during the British Rule with an objective of supplying firewood to railways, steam boats and ships and fuel wood for military cantonments in the territory of Sindh then part of Bombay Presidency Species such as Acacia nilotica (Babul), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Salmalia malabaricum (Simal) were planted in these plantations in varying proportions during different times under different conditions. History of Riverine Forests Prior to the British conquest of Sindh, the annual inundations were practically unchecked throughout central alluvial plain of the Province. The forest growth covered all the land wherever water reached. Later on people cut forests, made temporary settlements and cultivated crops wherever they chose and were thus responsible for the separation of the wooded area into the patches and blocks which to a large extent characterizes the riverine tract today. Some of the riverine forests were reserved by the Mirs for purposes of the shikar (hunting), strictly protected under game laws and mud walls were erected around these confined areas. These game preserves (shikargahs) became the nucleus of the present day forests after the conquest of Sindh by British in 1843. There is no record that when shikargahs were demarcated as forests, but in the year 1847 Major Scott was appointed the first Forest Ranger in Sindh. He was followed by Captain Crawford, Dr. Stocks the botanist, Captain Hamilton, and Mr. Dalzell another celebrated botanist. These two rangers demarcated all the shikargahs by erecting boundary marks. The occupation of Sindh by the British brought the ownership of land to the Crown. The proclamation of Imperial Monarchy in 1858 through Queen’s declaration ushered in the British colonial outlook over Sindh as with other places in British India. The rich shikargahs and Moharies (Private shikargahs) were taken over for commercial exploitation for the production of firewood for flotillas. In 1861, Mr. Fenner was made in-charge of the forests. In 1862 the Forest Department was created and forests were transferred to the Forest Department from railway companies. General application of the Indian Forest Act in 1863, defined the procedure for declaration of certain lands as legally constituted forests. In 1906, the Sindh Forest Department consisted of a Deputy Conservator of Forests in charge, responsible to the Commissioner in Sindh, and 4 officers’ incharge of divisions and one Superintendent of Forest Contour Surveys. Of this four, one officer was from the Imperial Forest Service and the rest were Extra Assistant Conservators of the Provincial Branch. There were 5 Rangers and 19 Foresters in charge of Ranges, of whom only 4 Rangers and 5 Foresters were trained from Forest Schools in Poona and Dehra Dun. There were 352 Forest Guards in charge of beats and depots (Aitken. E. H. 1907). Prior to the conquest of Sindh by the British to 1860-61 nothing is known of the system under which these forests were managed, as no administration reports 6 are available for that period. However, these woodlands were being administered by local rulers and local communities for hunting and local wood consumption. The management from 1860 to 1895 also does not appear to have been based on any preconceived plan of harvesting and reproduction. Forests were exploited as convenient to meet the local demand from the population, Indus Flotilla Company, and subsequently for the state railway when railway took the place of steam boat navigation. In earlier days, the methods of disposal adopted were the royalty and share systems, which were later substituted by departmental working. Departmental working continued up to 1901, when the system of selling coupes by tender or by auction was introduced. The first attempts at systematic management were made during the period 1875 to 1895. The main features were â€Å"rotational cutting† and â€Å"sustained yield†. Even those attempts were sporadic, as forests continued to be worked in parts within easy reach of the railway and the river. In 1891 Mr. Hexton introduced some slight change in the working system; but both these plans had no advantage to the forests as prescriptions of the plans were not followed. The objective of introduction of systematic working was to produce fuel wood on sustained basis for Indus Flotilla Company and North Western Railway, which required a very large amount of wood fuel and to collect as much revenue as possible, without any consideration for improvement and conservation of forests. Systematic management commenced from 1896, when Mr. Desai obtained Government sanction for preparation of working plans under Forest Code. Main features were clear felling in equal adjacent areas under a rotation of 30 years for babul and 10 years for kandi and lai. Regeneration was proposed by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan was followed up to 1900- 01, when first regular plan prepared by Mr. A. C. Robinson was sanctioned and put into force. Under Mr. Robinson’s plan, forests were mainly worked for the production of fuel wood. The method adopted was clear felling on equal adjacent areas on a rotation of 30 years. In a few forests the rotation was fixed at 20 years. For timber, babul was reserved irrespective of its girth, age or condition. Regeneration was to be by coppice, supplemented in places by sowings. This plan remained in force up to 1917-18 and revised by Mr. D. L. Nawani for 1918 to1930 which was subsequently revised/written by Mr. C. G. Abichandani for the period 1936 to 1955-56 (for Sukkur, Shikarpur and Larkana districts). Three others plans for Hyderabad, Jherk and Naushahro were also brought into force in 1901, 1902 and 1908 respectively. Subsequently, the working plans for Lower Sindh were also re-written for the period up to 194950. Since, the chief demand for wood was fuel particularly for railway, no provision was kept in the Plans for growing timbre trees, although railway had switched over coal and timber demand had arisen from the Gun Carriage Factory and expanding local market for large size babul (Gazetteer of Sindh, 1906). Present Management of Riverine Forests 7 The object of management in these forests has been to generate/regenerate Acacia nilotica which is the most suitable tree species with short rotation period and high economic value. Acacia nilotica takes a longer time to grow or regenerate in its natural succession as it follows a growth cycle which is preceded by Tamarix (Lai), Saccharum (Kana) and Populus euphratica (Bahan) growth. Acacia nilotica regenerates when favourable conditions and new soil formation are created in the riverine tract. In order to hasten the process and grow Acacia in a shorter period, broadcast sowing is done in muddy waters during recession of floods each year. Management practices have been simple and time tested. The forests areas on attaining rotation period are marked for clear felling in the form of 64 ha (one compartment) or smaller coupes for felling operations. Clear felled coupes/areas and newly stabilized kacha areas are regenerated after inundation recedes after peak flood season. The complete regeneration process has been dealt in this chapter in the description artificial regeneration in riverine forests. Features of Riverine Ecosystem Riverine Forests are a landscape having the soil, climate and set of organisms that make it a typical forest ecosystem. In this complex ecosystem, plants, animals, and microbial communities dominated by trees occur naturally or with artificial management/assistance. Following these forests provides variety of functions and is an assemblage of living organisms together with their nonliving environment. Total environment includes the climate, physical components of the soil and the topography (the non-living, or abiotic components of environment) and all the other organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) that help or hinder them, feed them or feed on them, protect them or are protected by them. Specific Features of Riverine Ecosystem The main features of an ecosystem are: structure, function, complexity, biodiversity, interaction of components and tendency to change over time. Both the vertical and horizontal structures of the plant community are important ecosystem characteristics. Vertical structure refers to vertical layering of different types of trees/plants in the community whereas the horizontal structure refers to canopy levels of shrubs, herbs, microbes/moss available on the forest floor. Riverine ecosystems are natural biomass factory as they produce plant biomass, animal biomass, and microbial biomass. They produce energy from foliage and also capture chemical energy from solar system. Riverine forests are complex ecosystem as they are composed of many individual structural components that interact to determine ecosystem function. Riverine ecosystem is a pool of biodiversity of living organisms such as trees, shrubs, wildlife, insects, fish, cultivated crops, livestock etc. Their entire biotic and abiotic components are dependent upon each other. Any positive or negative impact/influence upon any component of the system results in 8 mbalances in the ecosystems function and productivity. Riverine ecosystem is not static but has a tendency to change with passage of time and natural and manmade influences creating disturbances. The ecosystem reverts back to its normalcy if external influences are minimized. ? Source of Timber and Fuel wood The riverine forests are the mainstay of forestry and a major source of timber and fuel wood particularly for mining timber in Sindh and Balochista n. For meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, greater emphasis has to be given to this cheap renewable energy resource. These forests in the past were extensive and very productive and been a source of fuel wood/charcoal to the Middle East countries and some towns in India besides meeting the needs of local population. ? Habitat for Wildlife The riverine forests have remained important habitats for wide range of mammals and reptiles notably the Hog deer (Axis porcinus) which has managed to survive in the shrinking riverine forests. This species is near extinction due to shrinking habitat, food scarcity, illegal hunting and expansion of agriculture in Kacho areas and needs to be protected. Besides, ild boars, partridges, Sand grouse, wolves, jackals, porcupines etc. also inhabit riverine forests. ? Environmental Amelioration The riverine Forests are a vital component of riverine land ecosystem that lessen the impact of diurnal temperatures, sequester CO2, and retain soil moisture. ? Livestock Grazing Riverine forests were used to be the major source of livestock grazing. The Babul pods and leaves are n utritious and favourable fodder particularly for goat and sheep. Besides, abundant grasses, wild herbs, shrubs, etc. growing after floods and rainfall are source of fodder for the livestock and wild animals. Minor Products There are several Dhands (Natural lakes) and Dhoras (abandoned river beds) in riverine areas, some of which store water round the year and are the source of fish and employment. In addition, these forests produce Honey, Gum, Lac, Medicinal herbs and bark for tannin. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION OF RIVERINE FORESTS Historically, the riverine ecosystem of Sindh was productive and economically viable, but the climatic changes, socio-economic pressures and disturbances 9 caused by natural and anthropogenic factors have significantly depleted and degraded this ecosystem. The ecosystem functions as a web or chain where the climatic and biotic factors function as its string (Stoszek, 1991). Any natural or artificial change in any factor disturbs the whole web. Higher the disturbance, the greater the complexity of interactions within the ecosystem results in a catastrophe. In this case, the most affected components of ecosystem are the living organisms. The factors described here are both natural and manmade but their extent has been exacerbated by the intentional and un-intentional activities of human beings. Main Degradation Factors and Consequences ? Population Pressure on Riverine Forests Sindh is the most populous and urbanized province of Pakistan. According to 1998 census, it accommodates 30. 4 million people with a density of 135 persons per sq. km. This population is 23% of country’s total population of which 48. 9% resides in urban areas. With the annual growth rate of 2. 8 percent, the projected population of the province will reach 43 million and 56 million in the years 2010 and 2020, respectively (IUCN, 2004). The dependence of 72% of population is upon agriculture which is mostly practices in central zone of the province. Hence, irrigated tract is thickly populated and has a direct pressure on riverine ecosystem. The degradation of riverine forests has accelerated mainly due to ever increasing population. Although all the components of riverine ecosystem have been affected due to population pressure, the trees are badly affected. Since the requirement of domestic fuel wood as well as livelihood needs is met from indiscriminate tree cutting, the entire ecosystem has been disturbed. People have also encroached upon forestland for agriculture purposes. The study reveals that more than 40,000 ha of riverine forests of Sindh have been encroached. The impact of this action has emerged in the form of overall degradation of the riverine ecosystem by destruction of wildlife habitat, disappearance of associated fauna and flora, reduction in gene pool, degradation of soil; change of micro climate and over all environment of the region. This has resulted in reducing the vertical and horizontal structures of riverine ecosystem. ? Goods Riverine forests produce and provide several goods such as wood (fuel wood and timber) , agriculture, livestock grazing, fodder, seed, medicinal plants, wildlife hunting etc. or meeting the local, regional and national consumption. ? Services Services include employment opportunities through forestry operations and agriculture practiced over forestlands. ? Climatic Factors 10 The vegetation is a function of soil, climate, parent material, topography, biota and time. Of these factors, climate is generally accepted as one of the major determinants of vegetation type (Kimmins, 1987). It influences the sui tability and productivity of tree species on a particular site and it affects every aspect of forest management from regeneration to harvesting. The main components of the climate discussed and analyzed are rainfall, temperature, wind, humidity and their interaction with respect to availability and duration of water for the growth and survival of riverine forests. All these factors have direct and or indirect influence on the occurrence and growth of different species in these forests. There has been a significant deterioration in Riverine ecosystem due to climatic factors over time. ? Rainfall The rainfall in Sindh is scanty and alone does not meet the moisture requirement of trees for their required growth. The rainfall data of the province indicates that its northern part receives almost half the quantity of rainfall than its southern part, which significantly influences the growth and development of riverine forests. The rainfall mostly occurs during the monsoon season i. e. from June to August. The rest of the year remains mostly dry and unfavorable for tree growth. Predominant species in the riverine forests is Accacia nilotica (Babul) which requires sufficient moisture and does not grow in harshly dry conditions. In the upstream Sukkur except for the low lying areas or areas in the immediate upstream of Sukkur barrage, Babul does not grow well and xerophytic Prosopis cineraria takes its place as dominant species and it is more conspicuous in the sites which are high lying and out of reach of normal inundation water. ? Temperature After rainfall, the periodical temperatures have influence and impact on overall climate of the lower Indus plain, which ultimately influences the riverine ecosystem in that area. From the temperature point of view Sindh has two distinct portions/ parts i. e. upper Sindh and the Lower Sindh. The meteorological data indicate that there is no significant difference in mean annual temperatures between two eco-zones, but there is significant difference in hot and cold seasons. This variation in temperature associated with other factors such as biotic, edaphic and socioeconomic considerations influence the composition, distribution, growth and establishment of flora and fauna in general and tree species in particular. Plants and tree species in riverine tract grow well in the temperature range of 23. 90 C to350 C (Troup, 1921). Hence, these areas are quite suitable for the growth and establishment of indigenous plant species. Effect of High Temperatures 11 The most common deleterious effects of high temperatures are the stimulation of the excessive respiration and the excessive loss of moisture (Kimmins, 1987). The effects of increased soil temperatures have significant influence on trees foliage of seedlings (regeneration areas) due to decreased soil moisture and the direct heat. Effects of Low Temperatures The ability of plants to withstand freezing temperature is a function of its genetic potential and environmental factors which tend to condition tissue for cold treatment (Steponkus, 1981). Babul, the predominant tree species of riverine forests is a frost tender species. Large areas of young seedlings in the newly regenerated sites in the forests and farmlands are damaged or even killed due to injuries caused by persistent frost bites. The damage is at times so severe that younger plantations of Babul die back to the ground (Sirhindi and Keerio, 1985). Late frost is also common in the upper region of Sindh. Frost is not of common occurrence below Kotri due to proximity of the Arabian Sea. ? Humidity and Wind Humidity and the wind are two important components of climate. Any change in the humidity ranges and wind velocity and directions, has influence over climatic pattern of that region. These two important factors also play a significant role in defining the climate of two ecological zones of Sindh. There is also significant difference in the climate of two ecological zones due to wind direction and velocity. In lower Sindh fast humid winds blow almost all time from May to September. It is entirely insignificant as upper Sindh ecological zone is less humid and wind velocity is low and constantly normal. These two important factors of climate humidity and wind velocity and direction play significant role in the composition of flora and fauna on these two distinct ecological zones As to their impact on tree growth and its establishment, these two aspects have great influence of their own as well as collectively and interactively. The interaction of humidity and wind with the rainfall and temperature constitute the climatic pattern of the two zones varying in every constituent aspect. There is also unmarked influence they impart on vegetation. One positive impact observed during the study was that the trees in height are taller and in girth sizeable and straight in the upstream ecological belt than that of trees found in down stream ecological belt. ? Water Distribution Issues and Impact on Riverine Forests Construction of Barrages and Dams on Indus The main source of water for the sustenance of riverine forests of Sindh is entirely dependent on summer inundations in Indus River. The extent of river water volumes, frequencies and occurrences of floods determines the water regime required for regeneration, enrichment and growth of vegetation and 12 related components of riverine ecosystem. Riverine forests are fast deteriorating after the construction of upstream reservoirs that have significantly reduced the intensity, extent, and frequency of annual flooding. Diversions on Indus River due to the installation of canals and link canals have further worsened the on spot situation. Due to excessive colonization brining more land under the plough, large quantities of the water is used for agricultural purpose and it has made it impossible to achieve the original Afforestation plan objective. The future development programmes of improving the depleted riverine forests is now entirely dependent on one specific need of availability of inundation water periodically for sustaining the vegetation of degraded forestlands. Assured water supplies for the riverine forests will only suffice for future viability and tentatively of tree growth in the lower Indus Basin. A separate share of water for the lifelong need of these forests has to be earmarked and given priority to save the entire riverine ecosystem and tree growth in particular. Impacts A study was carried by Sindh Forest department to assess the damage caused by this long persistent drought in Riverine forests. The parameters of the study were existing stock and annual regeneration stocks. ? Setback in the Execution of Regeneration Operations The long persistent drought conditions also accounted for failure to undertake regeneration/reforestation programs as per management plans in the riverine forest areas. Government Policies The Riverine Forests have also suffered immensely on account of the policies of the incumbent government and at the altar of these policies; great losses were caused to the principles which regulate the scientific management of the riverine forests. ? Illegal Allotments by the Revenue Department Revenue department has made several allotments of forest areas to loc al people under land grant policy. Recently, expert allotments of forest lands have been made by the Revenue Department to local people. Even such lands have been allotted which were in possession of the Forest Department for decades where well established growth existed and from where Forest Department has harvested its tree growth for more than two rotation cycles of 25 years each. This illegal action of the Revenue Department has encouraged many private parties to occupy the forest lands and has provided a tremendous setback to the riverine ecosystem. As reported by Sindh Forest department, more than 10,000 ha of forestland have been allotted to the local people by the Revenue Department. Reorganization of Forest Department 13 In the year 1973-74, the administrative set up of the Forest Department was reorganized from territorial to functional and two separate wings were created. The sale of standing tree growth to the forest contractors for regular felling operations were abolished and the department itself started functioning by carrying the regular felling operations in order to check the high handedness and ill egal cutting of the forests by the unscrupulous contractors. All operations required before and after harvesting were assigned to the officials working in functional group after reorganization of department. Forest material after cutting into required sizes was transported to depot through labor, where it was stacked and sold in open auction to the purchasers instead of auction of standing trees to the contractors. The Department was thus bifurcated into two different wings i. e. Afforestation and utilization wings. The existing divisions were reorganized and areas increased largely to two fold, only to be managed by the same field staff with of course lesser responsibilities. The department suffered adversely as the protection of the vast number of forests by almost the same staff of original division resulted in poor performance and inadequate protection of the forest areas. After the ostensible success for initial couple of years, the very objective of departmental felling was defeated as the quantities of harvested material rarely exceeded from the estimated volume after the stock enumeration of felling coupes. In the initial 2-3 years, easily accessible areas with quality class timber whose yield were 20-25% higher were extracted without following proper working plan or approved felling programme of the department. Adverse or Negative Impact of Re-organization on Riverine Forests In order to justify new system of departmental working of harvesting the trees, large areas were proposed for exploitation to achieve increases in the annual revenue targets without any consideration to the working plan prescriptions and scientific management. The areas with better Babul growth, and easily accessible were cut in order to show large gains and prove usefulness of the new system. Due to these actions vast blank areas were created due to large scale harvesting. Because of inadequate and erratic flooding and non-availability of funds the regeneration programmes could not keep pace with the excessive harvestings resulted in creation of large blank chunks inside the riverine forests. This was the time when the local people generally and politician articularly raised voices against the working of the department and proposed that the vast blank areas inside the forests be brought under food crops and agriculture in order to meet the ever increasing demands of rising population. The policy of the Forest Department to change over to work on a functional basis created several problems and brought criticisms from all over (where). This problem was not foreseen in proper perspective while taking decisions and it emerges as one of the ma in causes of degeneration of riverine ecosystem and the forestry cover in Sindh. Babul and Kandi, which are the dominant tree species have been adversely affected beyond repairs after the departmental 14 working on functional basis continued for several years without any considerations of annual possibilities of forests and other working plan prescriptions. ? Supply of Babul Timber for Railway Sleepers to Pakistan Railways and Cross Arms to WAPDA During this organizational setup, Sindh Forest Department took another decision of supplying railway sleepers and cross arms to Pakistan Railways and WAPDA, respectively. In order to meet their demand large size specially selected Babul trees were felled from the riverine forests without following the working plan prescriptions. This decision of the department produced negative impact on the riverine forests of Sindh particularly such areas that were near the towns and accessible through roads. ? Mismanagement of NR during Coalition and Weak Governments Mismanagement of forests including illicit cutting, encroachments etc. have been rampant during coalition government rule that followed Army control of the government. This has been significant from the years 1985 to 1988 and from 2000 to this day. Forests in general and riverine forests in particular have been put to great set back during this period. ? Forest Lease Policies Another setback received by the forestry resource, was that of changing polices regarding leases for agricultural purposes in the forest areas. This has become a political problem rather than an administrative. Due to land hunger for agricultural purposes and the fertile forest lands, there has been pressure from influential people for cultivation of agricultural crops on much relaxed terms during the last two decades. There have been many changes in the government policies on forest leases for cultivation dictated by the influential persons and politicians. How these changes have affected the tree resources in Sindh forests and what changes in policies from time to time have been brought about in the system is analyzed below: ? Edaphic Factors and Their Impact on Riverine Forests Fire Tree growth is not a fire-resistant and is often burnt by fire. Forest fires are common in areas which have luxuriant growth of grasses. It is sometimes started by villagers to promote fresh grasses which sprout when dry and coarse grass is burnt. Fires are also caused by people collecting honey (Sheikh, 1989). Since the adjoining lands have been converted into agricultural fields, the grazing pressure on remaining forestlands has increased Soil 15 Another factor affecting the growth and establishment of trees in riverine forests is the degradation of soil. Due to climatic and socio economic factors the productive capacity of some of the soils has been degenerated gradually affecting the reforestation and management practices in the riverine forests. ? Grazing Pressure on Riverine Forests In the riverine forests the main occupation of the population is livestock rearing. People rear livestock to obtain milk, meat, wool and other products. Cattle also provide draught power for ploughing the fields and transportation of produce from farms to the markets. People of Sindh are fond of rearing these livestock animals. It is hard to find a household in riverine areas without at least 5-25 livestock. All the wooded areas are heavily surrounded by livestock populations viz. goats, cows, sheep, buffaloes, and camels. Babul and Kandi being a favourite fodder for browse animals specially goats and camel, it remains always under excessive use injurious for forest growth. Law and Order Situation in Riverine Forests Wooded lands, especially the riverine forests have remained hideouts for the dacoits for decades. But this activity has gained momentum in the last decade to such an extent that not only the dacoits are using the wooded areas as their hideouts from the law enforcing agencies, but also abduction of innocent people for ransom has become a common practice. Even Forest Department personnel are not safe to move and perform duties freely in many areas. The situation is quite alarming in upper Sindh than that of lower Sindh. It has created several problems for the functionaries of the Forest Department and other departments concerning with law and order maintenance. The management operations in the riverine forests have been hampered to great extent. On the other hand due to the ineffectiveness of the forest personnel in some forests, the cases of unauthorized encroachments, cutting of trees and theft of wood have become common and uncontrollable which has played havoc with the protection of wooded area of riverine forests. Management Plans After a lapse of two decades, Forest Department prepared management plans for all its forests in 2001 for 10 years. As per prescription of the plans, several thousand new and harvested areas were to be planted in plan period. It was observed during the study that most of the areas have been harvested with planting of same and other new areas due to non-availability of flood water and other social problems. Hence, these plans need immediate revision to reassess the stocking and prepare new strategy. Development Recommendations 16 ? Establishment of Irrigated Plantations over Riverine Forestlands The major expenditure required for the establishment of irrigated plantations in Riverine tract is lifting of irrigation water and development / leveling of land. Therefore, propagation of forests through inundation is the most economic method for establishing forests in Riverine areas. The floods not only bring sweet water in abundance but also juvenile the soils by depositing the mineral rich silt on regular basis. Since the intensity and extent of inundations have reduced in recent years, it is therefore proposed that all the easily accessible medium level areas where sweet water through lifting is available and receive floods at an interval of 3-4 years shall be developed and managed as short rotation irrigated plantations. If these plantations receive inundation two times in the rotation of 6 years, substantial cost for lifting water is saved and land once developed will require less cost for subsequent plantings. To economize water in initial two years, planting shall be done on trench irrigation system instead of flood irrigation layout system. ? Development of Wood lots on Forest Margins/rims The principle of development in riverine forests should be to combine conservation with development. In order to decrease the pressure on riverine forests and restore their productivity, the farm forestry and participatory forestry should be popularized on the margins/boundaries of riverine forests to meet their domestic needs. Incentives shall be provided by the government to promote farm forestry on private lands and community based woodlots on state arable lands to meet their fuel wood needs. ? Participatory Extension Service Prior to devolution the extension/social forestry service was with the forest department wherein the social forestry wing was created to popularize forestry on the farmlands. At present extension service of the department has been devolved to local government where only raising of saplings in the nurseries is being done without any approach to the farming community or other target groups to grow trees in the agricultural systems. Both the above stated approaches were without integration of principles of natural and social dimensions in the forestry development. Hence, Forestry extension services be strengthened and reorganized in order to provide technical and material assistance to the farmers for the promotion of tree growth in riverine tract, marginal and wastelands through people’s participation. Research Recommendation Management based on sound research is always sustainable. Developing the foundation for ecosystem management will require not only sound research but the updated knowledge and understanding of how major ecosystems function; how they can support and tolerate human use, how policies and management 17 decisions affect resource use is imperative. Research is also an essential part of development activity as it guides the managers to amend/change management strategies and if necessary policies to manage the resource. During the course of this study it has been revealed that no research on any aspect of riverine forest resource/ecosystem has been carried out. Research on technical, biological, socio-economic and policy aspects is necessitated in order to raise the productivity of riverine species for meeting basic rural needs. Some recommendations are proposed as under: ? In riverine forest ecosystems the research should emphasize on studies, especially those that identify and analyze the causes of success and failure in forest development. Case studies are particularly needed in areas of community management, production, forest dependency, sustainable utilization, equity and benefit sharing in marketing aspects of forest resources. There is also need to develop case studies that describe and analyze the marketing channels from collectors/producers to consumers. ? Research should also be carried out on the impacts of water shortage on the forest resource particularly on biodiversity; ecosystem functions, and suggests measures to make the ecosystem functional and productive. Research on supply and demand of main forest products and nonwood forest resources currently and in the future is also required. ? Research on appropriate technologies for non-wood forest products their harvest, use and processing is also recommended. ? Surveys and analyses of the degree and extent of the subsistence and local use of forest products, marketing, comprehensive inventories and assessments should be conducted. ? Research is required to f ind out the economic rotation of all species of riverine forests particularly management of mesquite which is encroaching vast riverine areas and is the main source of woodfuel. Research trials for growing of suitable xerophytic species are conducted in riverine areas. Management Decisions ? Political Will No policy can be implemented until and unless there is a political will in the country. Hence, sound planning and policies can bring no result unless they are implemented in its true spirit. The cause of degeneration in recent past was that there was no political will to bring any change for the betterment of natural resource. ? Data Base 18 There is dearth of database pertaining to different factors affecting riverine forests such as ecological, social, economic, technical, biotic and edaphic in the region. Hence, for the future development a data bank should be created in the Forestry Department. ? Monitoring and Evaluation Organizational effectiveness through enhancing the monitoring and evaluation efforts to achieve departmental goals including ecosystem health and sustainability by expanding collaboration among researchers, scientists and practitioners is needed. Moreover, forest cover shall regularly be monitored using GIS. Execution of Agroforestry Policy Agroforestry lease policy which is one of the main tools for developing and managing riverine forests shall be Proper implementation of implemented in its real perspective in wherein, lease holders shall raise and maintain block plantation on required area and hand over the same to the department as per terms of the agreement. ? Industrial Plantations Forest Depa rtment shall earmark some of its high-lying areas for long term leasing to Industrialists for raising plantations to produce raw material for wood based industries. ? Law Order Situation Security and free movement are the basic requirement for any development and management. It is, therefore, essential to improve and maintain law and order situation and provide required assistance to Forest staff to enforce writ of law in vacating encroachments, implementing Agroforestry policy and check wood cutting in forests. ? Seed Bank Presently there is no seed bank in Forest Department. In years, when high inundations are received or in bad seed years, sufficient seed is not available to meet the seed requirement for meeting planting targets. It is, therefore, essential that a seed bank should be developed where large quantity of quality seeds is stored for planting, sowing and supply to farmers. ? Conservation Areas Prior to the construction of barrages and reservoirs, there were several contiguous blocks of luxuriant riverine forests all along Indus River. In present scenario very few such scattered patches could be found only upstream Sukkur. Hence it is proposed that some conservation areas be developed for research, study and to evaluate the effects of human use and habitation on the sustainability of ecosystems. Besides, areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector 19 planning and management should be coordinated. Areas under the most intense environmental and social pressures needing protection should be determined and bilateral and multilateral assistance for strengthening forestry sector planning and management should be coordinated. Wilderness / Recreation Riverine ecosystem provides multiple benefits in the form of water, wood, wildlife, recreation, minerals, etc. If law and order situation is improved and security is provided to the civil society, riverine areas can be developed as fascinating recreation places for urban population that afford and need to get out of concrete jungles for some time. REFERENCE: ? foreverindus. org/pdf/riverine_forest%20updownstream2008. pdf ? scribd. com/doc/60469789/Habibullah-AbbasiEnvironmental-Science 20